Phosphorescent compositions and methods for identification using the same

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are methods of identification or detection utilizing photoluminescent compositions containing photoluminescent phosphorescent materials and photoluminescent fluorescent materials whose emission signature lies partly or fully in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum onto or into objects for the purpose of identifying or detecting the objects. Also disclosed are methods of identification or detection utilizing photoluminescent compositions which are high in intensity and high in persistence, methods wherein the identifying markings can be clandestine or otherwise, and methods wherein activation and detection can be decoupled spatially and temporally. Objects containing these photoluminescent compositions are also disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 60/844,647 filed Sep. 15, 2006, titled “PhosphorescentCompositions and Methods for Identification Using the same”, which isincorporated by reference herein for all purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of methods ofidentification or detection. In particular, the present inventionrelates to methods of identification or detection utilizingphotoluminescent compositions containing photoluminescent phosphorescentmaterials and photoluminescent fluorescent materials whose emissionsignature lies partly or fully in the infrared region of theelectromagnetic spectrum. As well, the invention relates to methods ofidentification or detection utilizing photoluminescent compositionswhich are high in intensity and high in persistence. The presentinvention also relates to objects containing the photoluminescentcompositions.

Photoluminescent materials and compositions that containphotoluminescent phosphorescent materials with emissions in the visibleregion of the electromagnetic spectrum have been disclosed. For example,metal sulfide pigments which contain various elemental activators,co-activators and compensators have been prepared which absorb at380-400 nm and have an emission spectrum of 450-520 nm. Further examplesof sulfide photoluminescent phosphorescent materials that have beendeveloped include CaS:Bi, which emits violet blue light; CaStS:Bi, whichemits blue light; ZnS:Cu, which emits green light; and ZnCdS:Cu, whichemits yellow or orange light.

The term “persistence” of phosphorescence is generally a measure of thetime, after discontinuing irradiation that it takes for phosphorescenceof a sample to decrease to the threshold of eye sensitivity. The term“long-persistent phosphor” historically has been used to refer toZnS:Cu, CaS:Eu,Tm and similar materials which have a persistence time ofonly 20 to 40 minutes.

Recently, phosphorescent materials that have significantly higherpersistence, up to 12-16 hours, have been reported. Such phosphorsgenerally comprise a host matrix that can be alkaline earth aluminates(oxides), an alkaline earth silicate, or an alkaline earthalumino-silicate.

Such high luminous intensity and persistence phosphors can berepresented for example, by MAl₂O₃ or MAl₂O₄ wherein M can comprise aplurality of metals at least one of which is an alkaline earth metalsuch as calcium, strontium, barium and magnesium. These materialsgenerally deploy Europium as an activator and can additionally also useone or more rare earth materials as co activators. Examples of such highintensity and high persistence phosphors can be found, for example, inpatents U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,006, U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,483, U.S. Pat. No.6,117,362 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,911 B1.

High intensity and high persistence silicates have been reported in U.S.Pat. No. 5,839,718, such as SrBaO.MgMO.SiGe:EuLn wherein M is beryllium,zinc or cadmium and Ln is chosen from the group consisting of the rareearth materials, the group 3A elements, scandium, titanium, vanadium,chromium, manganese, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, hafnium,tantalum, tungsten, indium, thallium, phosphorous, arsenic, antimony,bismuth, tin, and lead.

Photoluminescent compositions comprising only phosphorescent materialswith emissions in the infrared region have been reported. Suchphosphorescent materials consist of doped ZnCdS. These materials havebeen shown to have observable tail emissions into the visible region andconsequently would not have utility for clandestine markings. Thereported use of these phosphors has been as a “laminated panel of theinfrared phosphor powder” and have not been formulated into acomposition containing other materials. As previously mentioned, ZnSbased phosphors have afterglow characteristics significantly inferior toaluminate photoluminescent pigments, particularly alkaline earthaluminate oxides. It is not surprising therefore that such materials orthe laminated panels made therefrom have neither been used forclandestine detection or for detection applications wherein activationand detection can be decoupled spatially and temporally.

Photoluminescent compositions which contain combinations of ZnSphosphorescent materials and fluorescent materials have also beendisclosed. However the use of these fluorescent materials has beenlimited to either altering the charging (activating) radiation oraltering the visible daylight or emission color. Since the absorbancespectrum of ZnS phosphorescent materials are primarily in the long UVand blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, attaining reasonableafterglow requires downshifting some of the incident natural radiationwith fluorescent materials. Use of ZnS with fluorescent materials isgenerally limited to altering the color observed in daylight.Furthermore the fluorescent materials described exist as aggregates,that is, they are not molecularly dispersed in the polymer resin,consequently resulting in low emission efficiencies.

Photoluminescent compositions have also been contemplated which containa series of fluorescent materials. One of the fluorescent materialsabsorbs and emits radiation which is then absorbed by a companionfluorescent material which then emits radiation to give a final infraredemission. As can be appreciated, use of fluorescent materials does notprovide for any continued emission once the absorbable radiation isremoved. These compositions have no provision for continued emission ofinfrared radiation that can be detected at a future time, that is, afteractivation has ceased. The need for activating the materials immediatelyprior to detection will also require possession of activating equipmentat site of detection thereby limiting flexibility and/or portability andthus will not permit stealth detection.

It can be seen then that prior efforts to develop photoluminescentcompositions and particularly photoluminescent compositing containingboth phosphorescent and fluorescent materials have been directedprimarily at emissions in the visible region. Attention has not beengiven to photoluminescent compositions comprising both phosphorescentand fluorescent materials with emissions in the infrared region of theelectromagnetic spectrum. Thus there is a need for photoluminescentcompositions wherein emissions, partly or fully in the infrared region,continue after activation has ceased, that is, activation and detectionare separated temporally. There is also a need for activation anddetection to be separated spatially, that is, activation is not requiredat the time of detection, so that activating equipment is not requiredto be carried and be present at the time of detection. Development ofphotoluminescent compositions whose emissions are partly or fully in theinfrared region and which are also of high intensity and persistence,will enable a high degree of spatial and temporal decoupling, that is,detection can occur at great distances from the object and also longafter activation has ceased.

Although methods for uniquely marking and identifying objects havereceived thought and attention, such methods do not enable stealthdetection. In many cases, such as, for example, identification offriendly forces in the combat theater, the identifying markings need tobe unobservable by enemy personnel, or for example, in anti-counterfeitapplications wherein, the identifying markings need to be hidden toavoid detectability of such markings by counterfeiters. Clandestine orstealth identification, wherein the emissions from the photoluminescentmarkings are not ordinarily observable by a human observer (withoutspecific detection equipment), but detectable by friendly forces, andfurther wherein activation is not required during detection (suchactivation being potentially detectable by others), will be of highvalue in the combat theater for stealth detection of combat equipment,or personnel. Such markings will also be of value for stealth combatoperations, or for covertly marking enemy targets for tracking orelimination.

An authentication and identification method based upon marking-up groupsof microsized particles normally visible to the naked eye with eachparticle in each group being of selected uniform size, shape, and colorhas been proposed. Identification is established by transferring apopulation of particles from a selected number of the groups to the itemto be identified, and then confirming by examining the marked item underhigh magnification which requires the magnifying device to be in closeproximity to the item. It can be readily seen that such methods willhave limitations in that one has to be in close proximity to the objectto enable detection.

Another method includes incorporating into a carrier composition amixture of at least two photochromic compounds that have differentabsorption maxima in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.Authentication or identification requires activating the photochromiccompounds immediately prior to detection and subsequently examining thedisplay data. Such activation prior to detection does not allow fortemporal decoupling, that is, an object can not be activated, moved anddetected at a later time, nor can it be detected in a dark environment.

Other systems have been disclosed wherein items are marked with inkcomprised of two or more fluorescent materials wherein the emission fromone fluorescent dye is absorbed and reemitted by a second fluorescentdye and so forth in a daisy chain mechanism. The subsequent emissionscan be down-shifted to the infrared region. As can be appreciated, afundamental characteristic of fluorescent materials is that the emissionimmediately ends when the source of charging is removed. Thusauthentication comprises activating or exciting the materialsimmediately prior to detection with an ultraviolet source, and thenrapidly detecting the subsequent emission. When the activation source isremoved identification ceases. Consequently activation and detectioncannot be decoupled temporally. Thus, these detection methods will notenable stealth identification. Additionally, the activating equipmentwill have to be present at the time of detection and hence such methodswill not allow for flexibility and portability during detection.

As can be seen from the above discussion, there is a need for detectionmethods using photoluminescent compositions which emit partly or fullyin the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Furthermorethere is also a need for photoluminescent materials and methods thatenable the act of detection of the object to be decoupled spatially fromthe object and/or its activation source, that is, detection can occuraway from the object and/or its activation source, and also wherein,detection can be decoupled temporally from activation, that is,detection can occur at a time later than the activation. It should benoted that decoupling of activation and detection also allows forflexibility and portability in the act of detection, allowing forclandestine or stealth identification.

It can be appreciated that for optimal luminescent performance, specificphotoluminescent phosphorescent materials and mixtures of such materialsneed to be adapted for use in varying conditions, be it excitationconditions or environmental considerations. Water-resistant formulationssuitable for protecting the photoluminescent ingredients andcompositions that minimize photolytic degradation are sought-after.Beyond the selection of the photoluminescent materials it should benoted that the emission intensity and/or persistence from aphotoluminescent composition is greatly affected by both the way inwhich the photoluminescent phosphorescent material is distributed andthe additives used, as well as the manner in which that composition isapplied.

The improper selection and use of composition materials, such as resins,dispersants, wetting agents, thickeners, and the like can diminish theemission intensity emanating from the composition. This can occur, forexample, due to agglomeration or settling of photoluminescentphosphorescent ingredients, either during handling of the formulatedmaterials or after application of the formulated materials. Thereduction in emission intensity and/or persistence can result from bothincomplete excitations and/or due to scattering of emitted radiation.The scattering of photoluminescent emissions can be either due toagglomeration of photoluminescent phosphorescent material or as aconsequence of electromagnetic radiation scattering by one or more ofthe additives selected to stabilize the photoluminescent phosphorescentpigment dispersion. The net result will be lower emission intensityand/or persistence.

In general, the use of colorants in the form of pigments that areabsorptive of visible electromagnetic radiation to impart daylight colorto photoluminescent compositions, even when such colorants are notabsorptive of photoluminescence, can result in degradation ofphotoluminescent intensity and/or persistence by virtue of eitherscattering of the photoluminescence or by inadequate charging ofphotoluminescent phosphorescent materials. Hence, while absorptivecolorants can be used to alter both the daytime appearance ofphotoluminescent objects and the nighttime emission, such usage willresult in a lowering of emission intensity and/or persistence. This iswhy a majority of compositions whose daylight color has been altered arerated for low intensity and/or persistence. Further, such usage alsoprecludes the achievement of daytime colors and nighttime emissionsbeing in the same family of colors. Identification, whether clandestineor not can also result from markings that have been rendered as stealthmarkings, that is, the daylight color of the photoluminescent markingscan be formulated in such a manner that the markings blend in with thearea surrounding the marking so as not to be distinguishable from thesurrounding area.

Photoluminescent phosphorescent compositions utilizing various additivesto allow dispersion, anti-settling and other compositional propertieshave been disclosed. These additives include alkyd resins and modifiedcastor oil for rheology modification, synthetic cellulosic resin bindersand silica-based powders used as suspending fillers, absorptive pigmentsas colorants for imparting daytime color, “crystalline fillers”, andsecondary pigment particles. Compositions containing any of theseadditives, generally in a solid particulate state, by virtue ofscattering phenomenon, can result in lower intensity and/or persistenceof emissions from objects deploying them, as has been mentioned above.

It can therefore be seen from the above discussions that there is a needfor stable photoluminescent compositions whose emission intensity ishigh and persistent, and whose emission is partly or fully in theinfrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, such emissions beingsuitable for methods of clandestine or stealth identification orotherwise identification or detection of objects, such methods designedto decouple activation and detection both spatially, e.g., at a distanceaway from the object to be detected and/or the activation device, andtemporally, e.g., detection at a time later than the activation. Inaddition there is a need for portability of the detector used inidentification or detection processes. Furthermore there is also a needfor stealth markings wherein the marking is indistinguishable from itssurroundings.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides for methods of identification ordetection utilizing photoluminescent compositions containingphotoluminescent phosphorescent materials and photoluminescentfluorescent materials whose emission signature lies partly or fully inthe infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum which are on or inobjects for the purpose of identifying or detecting the objects. Aswell, the invention relates to methods of identification or detectionutilizing photoluminescent compositions which are high in intensity andhigh in persistence, methods wherein the identifying markings can beclandestine or otherwise, and methods wherein activation and detectioncan be decoupled spatially and temporally. The present invention alsoprovides for objects containing these photoluminescent compositions.

A key advantage of these methods that use photoluminescent compositions,such as those described below, is that they can be activated or excitedwithout requiring specialized sources. That is, the objects can becharged with naturally-occurring illumination essentially for most ofthe day, be it during the morning, noon, or evening, as well as oncloudy days. The present invention therefore eliminates the need foractivating equipment at the point of identification or detection.Further, with the use of high emission intensity and persistentphotoluminescent compositions, such as those described below, methods ofidentifying or detecting objects can be practiced also at nighttime,that is, long after activation has ceased, and at great distances.

In a first aspect, the current invention provides for methods ofidentifying or detecting an object including the steps of: (a) applyingonto or into at least a portion of the object an effective amount of aphotoluminescent composition containing one or more photoluminescentphosphorescent materials and one or more photoluminescent fluorescentmaterials wherein the one or more photoluminescent phosphorescentmaterials selectively absorbs and emits electromagnetic energies whenactivated by electromagnetic radiation either from an excitation sourceincident upon the composition, or by emissions from a photoluminescentmaterial, or both, and wherein the one or more photoluminescentfluorescent materials selectively absorbs the emission from one or moreof the photoluminescent materials and emits electromagnetic energies togive a selected emission signature, such that some or all of theemission signature lies in the infrared portion of the electromagneticspectrum, the photoluminescent materials being selected so that theemission of one of the photoluminescent materials overlaps with theabsorbance of another of the photoluminescent materials, wherein theselected emission signature is the emission from one or more of theselected photoluminescent fluorescent materials, such emission beingessentially unabsorbed by any of the other photoluminescent materials;(b) charging or activating the object; and (c) detecting the emissionsignature from the charged object.

In a second aspect, the present invention provides for methods ofidentifying or detecting an object including the steps of: (a) applyingonto or into at least a portion of the object an effective amount of aphotoluminescent composition containing one or more photoluminescentphosphorescent materials and one or more photoluminescent fluorescentmaterials wherein the one or more photoluminescent phosphorescentmaterials selectively absorbs and emits electromagnetic energies whenactivated by electromagnetic radiation either from an excitation sourceincident upon the composition, or by the emissions from aphotoluminescent material, or both, and wherein the one or morephotoluminescent fluorescent materials selectively absorbs the emissionfrom one or more of the photoluminescent materials and emitselectromagnetic energies to give a selected emission signature, suchthat some or all of the emission signature lies in the infrared portionof the electromagnetic spectrum, the photoluminescent materials beingselected so that the emission of one of the photoluminescent materialsoverlaps with the absorbance of another of the photoluminescentmaterials, wherein the selected emission signature is the emission fromone or more of the selected photoluminescent fluorescent materials, suchemission being essentially unabsorbed by any of the otherphotoluminescent materials, and further wherein the photoluminescentphosphorescent materials are selected such that the emission signaturehas high persistence and high intensity; (b) charging or activating theobject; and (c) detecting the emission signature from the chargedobject.

In a third aspect, the present invention provides for methods ofdetecting or identifying an object including the steps of: (a) applyingonto or into at least a portion of the object an effective amount of aphotoluminescent composition containing one or more photoluminescentphosphorescent materials and one or more photoluminescent fluorescentmaterials wherein the one or more photoluminescent phosphorescentmaterials selectively absorbs and emits electromagnetic energies whenactivated by electromagnetic radiation either from an excitation sourceincident upon the composition, or by the emissions from aphotoluminescent material, or both, and wherein the one or morephotoluminescent fluorescent materials selectively absorbs the emissionfrom one or more of the photoluminescent materials and emitselectromagnetic energies to give a selected emission signature, suchthat some or all of the emission signature lies in the infrared portionof the electromagnetic spectrum, the photoluminescent materials beingselected so that the emission of one of the photoluminescent materialsoverlaps with the absorbance of another of the photoluminescentmaterials, wherein the selected emission signature is the emission fromone or more of the selected photoluminescent fluorescent materials, suchemission being essentially unabsorbed by any of the otherphotoluminescent materials; (b) charging or activating the object; and(c) detecting the emission signature from the charged object, whereincharging of the object and detecting of the emission signature from theobject are decoupled spatially and temporally.

In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides for photoluminescentobjects prepared by any of the inventive methods.

In a fifth aspect, the objects contain a photoluminescent compositionaccording to any of the inventive methods described above applied as afirst layer above or below another photoluminescent second layer, suchsecond photoluminescent layer resulting from compositions containing oneor more photoluminescent fluorescent materials.

In a sixth aspect, the present invention provides for photoluminescentobjects prepared by any of the inventive methods described above and alayer of adhering material.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a Jablonski Diagram illustrating processes that occur betweenthe absorption and emission of electromagnetic radiation. Step A is theabsorption of a photon of electromagnetic radiation in which an electronin the absorbing material is excited from a ground state to an excitedenergy state. Depending on the excited state reached the electron candegenerate by IC or radiation-less internal conversion to S1 which isthe first vibrational excited state. The electron may then return to theground state with a subsequent release of electromagnetic radiation F.This process is called fluorescence. Some materials will be excited intothe excited state and their electrons will undergo Intersystem Crossing,ISC, and reside in a T1 or T2 state. These states are meta-stable inthat the electron can remain in the T1 or T2 states for long periods oftime. When the electron releases energy and falls back to the groundstate by releasing electromagnetic radiation the process is calledphosphorescence, P. In some cases the T1 or T2 state is very stable withlittle to no emission occurring. In this case a stimulating energy isrequired to cause a release of electromagnetic radiation with theelectron falling back to the ground state.

FIG. 2 illustrates a shift in emission spectra resulting fromincorporation of photoluminescent phosphorescent and photoluminescentfluorescent dyes. Chart a) is the representative absorbance spectra, b)is the representative emission spectra and c) is the representative netemission spectra resulting from the inventive composition. Asillustrated a photoluminescent phosphorescent material absorbs radiationat A1 from an excitation source. The photoluminescent phosphor cancontinuously emit radiation E1 which overlaps with the absorptionspectra A2 which emits radiation at E2. E2 again is designed to overlapwith the absorption A3 which emits radiation E3. This process cancontinue until a final desired emission is obtained, in this case E5. Ascan be seen from chart c) the composition is designed to emit radiationat approx. 780 nm.

FIG. 3 illustrates an object (14) upon which has been coated a firstphotoluminescent layer (12) such first photoluminescent layer comprisingphotoluminescent phosphorescent, or photoluminescent phosphorescent andphotoluminescent fluorescent compositions, and further coated with asecond photoluminescent layer (10) such second layer comprising selectedphotoluminescent fluorescent materials. It may be noted that the secondphotoluminescent layer may also serve the purpose of a protective layer,that is, affording durability to the first photoluminescent layer

FIG. 4 illustrates an object (26) upon which has been coated a firstreflective coating (24) that is reflective of all emissions emanatingfrom coated photoluminescent layers (20) & (22), and wherein coatedlayer (22) is a first photoluminescent layer comprising photoluminescentphosphorescent or photoluminescent phosphorescent and photoluminescentfluorescent compositions, and further coated layer (20) is a secondphotoluminescent layer such second layer comprising selectedphotoluminescent fluorescent materials. It may be again noted that thesecond photoluminescent layer may also serve the purpose of a protectivelayer, that is, affording durability to the first photoluminescent layerand reflective layer

FIG. 5 illustrates a multilayered object which allows thephotoluminescent coatings to be transferable to any object. A carriermaterial (30), which has been coated with a release material (32), isfurther coated with a second photoluminescent layer (34) comprisingselected photoluminescent fluorescent materials. It may be again notedthat such second photoluminescent layer (34) may also serve the purposeof a protective layer, that is, affording durability to the firstphotoluminescent layer (36). The first photoluminescent layer (36)comprising photoluminescent phosphorescent or photoluminescentphosphorescent and photoluminescent fluorescent compositions is nextapplied, followed by a reflective layer (38) and an adhesive layer (40).A removable cover sheet (42) is then applied.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It has been found that photoluminescent compositions comprisingphotoluminescent phosphorescent and photoluminescent fluorescentmaterials, which when applied onto or into objects, permitidentification or detection of the objects. A key advantage of the useof the photoluminescent phosphorescent materials is that they can beactivated or excited without requiring specialized sources. That is,they can be charged with naturally-occurring illumination essentiallyfor most of the day, be it during the morning, noon, or evening, as wellas on cloudy days in addition to artificial sources such as metal halidelamps. Whether activated by naturally or artificially occurringillumination the present invention eliminates the need for havingactivating equipment at the point of identification or detection andenables detection to be practiced at daytime or nighttime and atlocations away from the object and/or its detection source as well asafter the activation of the object has ceased. Further, with the use ofhigh luminous intensity and persistent photoluminescent phosphorescentcompositions, such as those described below, object identification ordetection at daytime or nighttime can be practiced at great distancesfrom the object and/or its activation source and long after activationhas ceased.

Unless otherwise noted, percentages used herein are expressed as weightpercent.

As used herein, a “luminescent” material is a material capable ofemitting electromagnetic radiation after being excited into an excitedstate.

As used herein, a “photoluminescent composition” is defined as anadmixture of materials which is capable of emitting electromagneticradiation from electronically-excited states when excited or charged oractivated by electromagnetic radiation.

As used herein, a “fluorescent” material is a material that has theability to be excited by electromagnetic radiation into an excited stateand which releases energy in the form of electromagnetic radiationrapidly, after excitation. Emissions from fluorescent materials have nopersistence, that is, emission essentially ceases after an excitationsource is removed. The released energy may be in the form of UV, visibleor infrared radiation.

As used herein, a “phosphorescent” material is a material that has theability to be excited by electromagnetic radiation into an excitedstate, but the stored energy is released gradually. Emissions fromphosphorescent materials have persistence, that is, emissions from suchmaterials can last for seconds, minutes or even hours after theexcitation source is removed. The released energy may be in the form ofUV, visible or infrared radiation.

“Luminescence”, “phosphorescence” or “fluorescence” is the actualrelease of electromagnetic radiation from a luminescent, phosphorescentor fluorescent material, respectively.

As used herein “Luminous Intensity” is defined as a measure of emittedelectromagnetic radiation as perceived by a “standard observer” (seee.g. C. J. Bartelson and F. Grum, Optical Radiation Measurements, Volume5—Visual Measurements (1984), incorporated herein by reference) asmimicked by a photoptic detector, such as an IL 1700Radiometer/Photometer with high gain luminance detector by InternationalLight Co of Massachusetts.

As used herein “emission intensity” is defined as a measure of thephotoluminescent emissions from a photoluminescent object, suchmeasurement being made with any device capable of measuring the emissionstrength either photometrically or radiometrically, such emissions beingeither visible or infrared or both.

As used herein “persistence” is defined as the time it takes, afterdiscontinuing irradiation, for photoluminescent emissions emanating froma photoluminescent object to decrease to the threshold detectabilitywith a suitable detection apparatus.

As used herein “high persistence” is defined to mean that the time ittakes, after discontinuing irradiation, for photoluminescent emissionsemanating from a photoluminescent object to decrease to the thresholddetectability with a suitable detection apparatus is greater than fivehours.

As used herein, “electromagnetic radiation” refers to a form of energycontaining both electric and magnetic wave components which includesultraviolet (UV), visible and infrared (IR) radiation.

As used herein, an “emission signature” refers to the specific emissionspectrum of the photoluminescent composition as a result of activation,such emission being characterizable by wavelength and amplitude.

As used herein “radiation incident upon the photoluminescentcomposition” refers to the activating or charging electromagneticradiation wherein at least some of the incident electromagneticradiation will initially excite one or more of the photoluminescentmaterials.

As used herein, “Stokes shift” refers to the difference in wavelengthbetween the excitation or activation wavelength and the emissionwavelength of photoluminescent materials.

As used herein, a “liquid carrier medium” is a liquid that acts as acarrier for materials distributed in a solid state and/or dissolvedtherein.

As used herein, a “stabilizing additive” is a material added to acomposition so as to uniformly distribute materials present asparticulates, to prevent agglomeration, and/or prevent settling of solidmaterial in a liquid carrier medium. Such stabilizing additivesgenerally comprise dispersants, and/or rheology modifiers.

As used herein, “rheology modifiers” are those substances whichgenerally can build viscosity in liquid dispersion compositions, thatis, compositions containing particulate matter distributed in a liquidcarrier, thereby retarding settling of such particulate materials, whileat the same time significantly lowering viscosity upon application ofshear, to enhance smooth applicability of such compositions ontoobjects.

As used herein, “dispersing agents” are those substances which are usedto maintain dispersed particles in suspension in a composition in orderto retard settling and agglomeration.

As used herein, “photostabilizers” refers to components of thecomposition designed to retard deterioration, degradation or undesirablechanges in compositional and/or visual properties as a result of actionsby electromagnetic radiation.

As used herein, a “layer” is a film resulting from a compositioncontaining at least one film-forming polymeric resin that issubstantially dry as characterized by the residual liquid carrier mediumbeing in the range of 0-5 weight % of the total weight of the film.

As used herein “clandestine or stealth identification” refers to the actof identifying or detecting an object, wherein the emissions from thephotoluminescent markings used for such identification or detection areordinarily not visible to a human observer either during daytime ornighttime and wherein the emissions from such photoluminescent markingsrequire specific detection equipment for observation for the purpose ofidentification or detection, and further wherein, activation or chargingis not required during detection.

As used herein “stealth marking” refers to a photoluminescent markingwhose daylight color has been formulated so as not to be distinguishablefrom the surrounding area.

As used herein “spatially and temporally decoupled” mean[s] thatdetection can be practiced after the activation has ceased (temporally)as well as detection can occur away from the object and/or itsactivation source (spatially).

As used herein “CAS #” is a unique numerical identifier assigned toevery chemical compound, polymer, biological sequences, mixtures andalloys registered in the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), a division ofthe American Chemical Society.

Not to be held to theory, it is believed that, the selectedphotoluminescent phosphorescent materials absorb incident activatingelectromagnetic radiation, for example, ultraviolet and/or visibleportions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and an electron is excitedfrom a ground state into an excited state. The excited state electron ofa phosphorescent material undergoes a conversion called intersystemcrossing wherein the electron is trapped in the excited state and onlyslowly returns to the ground state with a subsequent emission ofelectromagnetic radiation, for example, in the visible region of theelectromagnetic spectrum. The time for emission to occur from theexcited state of phosphorescent materials can be on the order of 10⁻³seconds to hours and even days. In this manner emission radiation fromexcited phosphorescent materials can continue long after the incidentradiation has ceased.

The energy of the emission radiation from a photoluminescent material isgenerally of lower energy than the energy of the incident activatingradiation. This difference in energy is called a “Stokes shift”.

Suitable phosphorescent materials are the well known metal sulfidephosphors such as ZnCdS:Cu:Al, ZnCdS:Ag:Al, ZnS:Ag:Al, ZnS:Cu:Al asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,595,804 and metal sulfides that areco-activated with rare earth elements such as those describe in U.S.Pat. No. 3,957,678. Phosphors that are higher in luminous intensity andlonger in luminous persistence than the metal sulfide pigments that aresuitable for the present invention include compositions comprising ahost material that is generally an alkaline earth aluminate, or analkaline earth silicate. The host materials generally comprise Europiumas an activator and often comprise one or more co-activators such aselements of the Lanthanide series (e.g. lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium,neodymium, samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium,thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium), tin, manganese, yttrium, or bismuth.Examples of such photoluminescent phosphors are described in U.S. Pat.No. 5,424,006.

High emission intensity and persistence phosphorescent materials can bealkaline earth aluminate oxides having the formula MO.mAl₂O₃:Eu²⁺, R³⁺wherein m is a number ranging from 1.6 to about 2.2, M is an alkalineearth metal (strontium, calcium or barium), Eu²⁺ is an activator, and Ris one or more trivalent rare earth materials of the lanthanide series(e.g. lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, gadolinium,terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium),yttrium or bismuth co-activators. Examples of such phosphors aredescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,362.

High emission intensity and persistence phosphors can also be alkalineearth aluminate oxides having the formula M_(k) Al₂O₄:2xEu²⁺, 2yR³⁺wherein k=1−2x−2y, x is a number ranging from about 0.0001 to about0.05, y is a number ranging from about x to 3x, M is an alkaline earthmetal (strontium, calcium or barium), Eu²⁺ is an activator, and R is oneor more trivalent rare earth materials (e.g. lanthanum, cerium,praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium,holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium), yttrium or bismuthco-activators. Examples of such phosphors are described in U.S. Pat. No.6,267,911B1.

Phosphors that can be used in this invention also include those in whicha portion of the Al³⁺ in the host matrix is replaced with divalent ionssuch as Mg²⁺ or Zn²⁺ and those in which the alkaline earth metal ion(M²⁺) is replaced with a monovalent alkali metal ion such as Li⁺, Na⁺,K⁺, Cs⁺ or Rb⁺. Examples of such phosphors are described in U.S. Pat.No. 6,117,362 & U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,911B1.

High intensity and high persistence silicates can be used in thisinvention such as has been reported in U.S. Pat. No. 5,839,718, such asSr.BaO.Mg.MO.SiGe:Eu:Ln wherein M is beryllium, zinc or cadmium and Lnis chosen from the group consisting of the rare earth materials, thegroup 3A elements, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese,yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten,indium, thallium, phosphorous, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, tin, andlead. Particularly useful are dysprosium, neodymium, thulium, tin,indium, and bismuth. X in these compounds is at least one halide atom.

Other phosphorescent materials suitable for this invention are alkalineearth aluminates of the formula MO.Al₂O₃.B₂O₃:R wherein M is acombination of more than one alkaline earth metal (strontium, calcium orbarium or combinations thereof) and R is a combination of Eu²⁺activator, and at least one trivalent rare earth material co-activator,(e.g. lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, gadolinium,terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium),bismuth or manganese. Examples of such phosphors can be found in U.S.Pat. No. 5,885,483.

Alkaline earth aluminates of the type MAl₂O₄, which are described inU.S. Pat. No. 5,424,006, are also suitable for this invention.

Phosphors that can be used in this invention also include phosphorscomprising a donor system and an acceptor system such as described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,953,536 B2.

Phosphorescent materials described above generally absorb in the UV ornear UV/Visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum with subsequentemissions from 390-700 nm.

As can be appreciated, many other phosphors are useful to the presentinvention. Such useful phosphors are described in Yen and Weber,Inorganic Phosphors: Compositions, Preparation and Optical Properties,CRC Press, 2004.

Not to be held to theory the selected photoluminescent fluorescentmaterials absorb incident activating electromagnetic radiation, forexample, ultraviolet, visible and/or infrared portions of theelectromagnetic spectrum and an electron is excited from a ground stateinto an excited state. In the case of such photoluminescent fluorescentmaterials the electron returns rapidly to the ground state withsubsequent release of electromagnetic radiation, for example,ultraviolet, visible and/or infrared radiation. The time for emission tooccur from the excited state in photoluminescent fluorescent materialscan be on the order of 10⁻⁸ seconds. Continued emission fromphotoluminescent fluorescent materials ceases when the activating energyceases. The energy of the emission is generally lower than the energy ofthe incident activating radiation.

Selected photoluminescent fluorescent materials useful in the currentinvention include photoluminescent fluorescent materials that absorb inthe visible and/or infrared and emit in the visible and/or infrared. Forexample, photoluminescent fluorescent materials that absorb in thevisible and emit in the visible include, for example, coumarins such ascoumarin 4, coumarin 6, and coumarin 337; rhodamines such as rhodamine6G, rhodamine B, rhodamine 101, rhodamine 19, rhodamine 110, andsulfarhodamine B; phenoxazones including Nile red and cresyl violet;styryls; carbostyryls; stilbenes; and fluorescenes. Examples ofphotoluminescent fluorescent materials that absorb in the visible regionof the electromagnetic spectrum and emit in the far visible and infraredregions include, for example, Nile Blue, IR 140 (CAS# 53655-17-7), IR125 (CAS# 3599-324), and DTTCI (CAS# 3071-70-3). Below in Table 1 arethe absorption and emission characteristics of some of thephotoluminescent fluorescent materials suitable for the currentinvention.

TABLE 1 Max. Fluorescent CAS # Absorbance (nm) Max. Emission (nm)Coumarin 6 38215-35-0 458 505 Rhodamine 110 13558-31-1 510 535 Rhodamine19P 62669-66-3 528 565 Rhodamine 6G  989-38-8 530 556 Nile red 7385-67-3 550 650 Nile blue 53340-16-2 633 672 IR 676 56289-64-6 676720 IR-676 is1,1′,3,3,3′,3′-Hexamethyl-4,5,4′,5′-dibenzoindodicarbocyanine

When photoluminescent phosphorescent materials are admixed with selectedphotoluminescent fluorescent materials, the emission of thephotoluminescent phosphorescent materials can be absorbed by thephotoluminescent fluorescent materials with subsequent emission whichexhibit a downward Stokes shift to an energy lower than the energy usedto excite the photoluminescent phosphor. The emission energy from thephotoluminescent fluorescent material can be absorbed by a secondphotoluminescent fluorescent material selected for its ability to absorbsuch radiation. The second photoluminescent fluorescent material willexhibit a downward Stokes shift to an energy lower than the energyemitted from the first photoluminescent fluorescent material. Additionalphotoluminescent fluorescent materials can be chosen to further exhibitStokes shifts until a selected emission is achieved. The selectedemission can be chosen to be partially or fully in the infrared regionsof the electromagnetic spectrum. Generally, a Stokes shift for a singlephotoluminescent phosphorescent or photoluminescent fluorescent materialranges from 20 to 100 nm. In order to produce longer Stokes shifts,multiple photoluminescent fluorescent materials can be used to produce acascading Stokes shift. A cascading Stokes shift is produced bysuccessive absorptions of the emission of one of the photoluminescentmaterials by another of the photoluminescent fluorescent materials andre-emission at a longer wavelength. When done multiple times Stokesshifts significantly in excess of 50 nm can be created.

The quantum efficiency of the compositions comprising photoluminescentphosphorescent and/or photoluminescent fluorescent materials will bedependent on a number of factors, such as degree of overlap between theemission spectrum of one of the photoluminescent materials with theabsorption spectrum of another of the photoluminescent materials and thedegree to which the photoluminescent fluorescent materials aremolecularly dispersed in the polymer comprising the binding matrix. Inorder for the photoluminescent fluorescent materials to be molecularlydispersed in the polymer or exist as a solid state solution in thechosen polymer or polymers, it is essential for the photoluminescentfluorescent materials to be in solution in the liquid carrier medium andbe compatible with the chosen polymers.

Selected admixing of photoluminescent phosphorescent materials withphotoluminescent fluorescent materials will result in compositions thatcan be charged or activated by incident electromagnetic energy, forexample, by ultraviolet, visible, or combinations thereof, and emitpartially or fully in the infrared. Since the activated photoluminescentphosphorescent material will continue to emit radiation long after theactivating radiation has been removed, the photoluminescent compositionwill continue to emit radiation partially or fully in the infraredregion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

It can readily be seen that activation of the inventive compositions anddetection of their subsequent emission can occur at separate times andat separate places. Thus, the compositions can be applied to an objectand charged with electromagnetic radiation. The radiation can be shutoff and the object can be moved to a different place while the emissionscontinue to occur enabling detection to occur long after activation hasceased.

Selected photoluminescent fluorescent materials can additionally beincorporated into the photoluminescent compositions containing the abovedescribed photoluminescent phosphorescent and photoluminescentfluorescent materials to optimally couple the excitation source and theabsorbance spectrum of a selected photoluminescent material that is tobe initially activated from an external electromagnetic radiationsource.

The photoluminescent fluorescent materials of the current invention thatexhibit this property can be admixed into the photoluminescentcomposition containing the phosphorescent materials or they can residein a coating either above or below such photoluminescent composition, orboth.

It has also been found that photoluminescent compositions comprising aneffective amount of one or more photoluminescent phosphorescentmaterials, one or more photoluminescent fluorescent materials, one ormore liquid carriers, one or more polymeric binders, one or morephotostabilizers, one or more rheology modifiers, and one or moredispersing agents can be selected to give an emission signature which istotally or partially in the infrared region of the electromagneticspectrum. It has been further found that with selection of certainalkaline earth phosphorescent materials, referred to above, the emissionsignature can have high intensity and persistence

For optimal performance of luminescent materials for high intensity andpersistence, specific photoluminescent materials and mixtures of suchmaterials need to be adapted for use in varying conditions, for example,excitation conditions or environmental considerations. Water-resistantcompositions suitable for protecting the photoluminescent phosphorescentparticles and compositions that minimize photolytic degradation aresought-after. Beyond the selection of the photoluminescentphosphorescent materials and/or any additional photoluminescentfluorescent materials used to enhance their performance, it should benoted that the emission intensity and/or persistence from aphotoluminescent composition is greatly affected by both the way inwhich the photoluminescent phosphorescent materials are distributed andthe additives used, as well as the manner in which that composition isapplied.

The improper selection and use of the composition materials, such asbinders, dispersing agents, wetting agents, rheology modifiers,photostabilizers, and the like can diminish the emission intensityemanating from the composition. This can occur, for example, due toagglomeration or settling of photoluminescent phosphorescent particles,either during handling of the formulated materials or after applicationof the formulated materials. The reduction in emission intensity and/orpersistence can result from incomplete excitations and/or scattering ofemitted radiation. The scattering of photoluminescent emissions can beeither due to agglomeration of photoluminescent phosphorescent materialor as a consequence of electromagnetic radiation scattering by one ormore of the additives selected to stabilize the photoluminescentphosphorescent pigment dispersion. The net result will be lower emissionintensity and persistence.

The use of colorants in the form of pigments that are absorptive ofvisible electromagnetic radiation, in order to impart daylight color tophotoluminescent compositions, even when such pigments are notabsorptive of photoluminescent emissions, can result in degradation ofphotoluminescent intensity and persistence by virtue of eitherscattering of photoluminescent emissions or by inadequate charging ofphotoluminescent phosphorescent materials. Hence, for attaining maximumemission intensity, use of absorptive pigments should be avoided. Itshould be rioted however that creation of stealth markings can be aidedby the selective use of absorptive pigments designed to adjust thedaylight color of the markings so that a photoluminescent marking willblend in with the surrounding areas. By keeping the amount of pigmentused low, one can minimize any negative impact on the emission intensityand persistence of the emission signature.

As mentioned earlier, for stealth identification the emission is notordinarily observable by a human observer. It should be noted, however,that there is a wide range of capability in humans for the detection ofvisible radiation. Hence, for highly sensitive applications, wherein itis desirable that there be no circumstance wherein even a human observerwith acute vision cannot detect any emission, even after long adaptationto nighttime conditions, and standing very close to the object with thephotoluminescent marking, one can ensure a high degree of stealthdetection by incorporating a low level of a visible light absorptivepigment, either in the photoluminescent markings or in a layer above thephotoluminescent marking.

It is important to select only those polymeric binder resins for thephotoluminescent materials that do not absorb electromagnetic radiationwithin the excitation spectrum of the chosen photoluminescent materialand that are also compatible with the selected photoluminescentmaterials. This is important, for otherwise, the excitation of thephotoluminescent materials will be inhibited. It is also desirable thatthe chosen polymeric materials should have minimal impact on theemission intensity, that is, it should not exhibit any significantquenching of the photoluminance. Binder resins suitable for theinventive compositions include acrylates, for example NeoCryl® B-818,NeoCryl® B-735, NeoCryl® B-813, and combinations thereof, all of whichare solvent soluble acrylic resins available from DSM NeoResins®,polyvinyl chlorides, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, and polyesters, andcombinations thereof.

The liquid carrier can be, for example, any solvent which does notadversely impact the photoluminescent materials and which allows for thesolubility of the photoluminescent fluorescent materials selected forthe photoluminescent composition. In selecting the liquid carrier, forcases wherein the polymer is soluble in the liquid carrier, thepolymeric solution should be clear and should not exhibit any haze,otherwise, emission intensity transmission will be adversely impacted.In general, highly polar solvents will increase the likelihood ofemission quenching, and hence should, in general, be avoided. Suitableliquid carriers include glycols, glycol ethers, glycol acetates,ketones, hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene.

Photostabilizers useful in the inventive composition include UVabsorbers, singlet oxygen scavengers, antioxidants, and or mixtures, forexample, Tinuvin® 292, Tinuvin® 405, Chimassorb® 20202, Tinuvin® 328, orcombinations thereof, all from Ciba® Specialty Chemicals.

Suitable rheology modifiers include polymeric urea urethanes andmodified ureas, for example, BYK® 410 and BYK® 411 from BYK-Chemie®.

Dispersants suitable for the inventive compositions include acrylicacid-acrylamide polymers, salts of amine functional compounds and acids,hydroxyl functional carboxylic acid esters with pigment affinity groups,and combinations thereof, for example DISPERBYK®-180, DISPERBYK®-181,DISPERBYK®-108, all from BYK-Chemie® and TEGO® Dispers 710 from DegussaGmbH.

Other additives can be incorporated into the inventive compositions,including wetting agents such as polyether siloxane copolymers, forexample, TEGO® Wet 270 and non-ionic organic surfactants, for exampleTEGO® Wet 500, and combinations thereof; and including deaerators anddefoamers such as organic modified polysiloxanes, for example, TEGO®Airex 900.

According to the present photoluminescent compositions components can befrom about 10%-50% of binder resin, about 15%-50% of liquid carrier,2%-35% photoluminescent phosphorescent material, 0.5%-5.0% dispersingagent, 0.2%-3.0% rheology modifying agent, 0.1%-3.0% photostabilizer,0.2%-2.0% de-aerating agent, 0.2%-3.0% wetting agent, and 0.1%-2.0%photoluminescent fluorescent material.

Methods to prepare photoluminescent objects which emit either wholly orpartially in the infra red can encompass a variety of techniques forapplication of the photoluminescent compositions described above eitheronto or into objects. For example, techniques wherein the compositionsdescribed above can be applied onto objects include coating onto theobject. Such coating methods for applying photoluminescent compositionsonto objects can include but are not limited to screen printing,painting, spraying, dip coating, slot coating, roller coating, and barcoating. Other techniques wherein the compositions described above canbe applied onto objects include printing onto the object. Such printingmethods for applying photoluminescent compositions onto objects caninclude but are not be limited to lithographic printing, ink jetprinting, gravure printing, imaged silk screen printing and laserprinting as well as manually painting or scribing the object with thephotoluminescent compositions described above. Typically the compositionis coated and dried so that the resulting layer is physically robust.The objects of the current invention may additionally have applied tothem a second composition which contains one or more of the fluorescentmaterials described above. This second applied composition can alsoserve as a protective coating for the first photoluminescentapplication.

Photoluminescent objects that emit either wholly or partially in theinfra red can also be prepared by incorporating the compositions,described above, into the objects by including the photoluminescentcomposition in the manufacture of the object. For example for plasticobjects that can be prepared by extrusion, the composition describedabove can be added to the object's composition at from 2 to 30% of thetotal composition and extruded to give an object which can be identifiedor detected by the inventive method. Preparation of photoluminescentobjects wherein the compositions are included in the manufacture of theobject can include a variety of manufacturing techniques such asmolding, extrusion, etc. For purposes of identification, detection andauthentication, an object need only be partially coated with thephotoluminescent composition.

The above described photoluminescent composition or object can becharged or activated with electromagnetic radiation, for example,ultraviolet, near ultraviolet or combinations thereof, by a number ofconvenient methods including metal halide lamps, fluorescent lamps, orany light source containing a sufficient amount of the appropriatevisible radiation, UV radiation or both, as well as sunlight, eitherdirectly or diffusely, including such times when sunlight is seeminglyblocked by clouds. At those times sufficient radiation is present tocharge or activate the composition or object. The source of activationcan be removed and the object will continue to emit radiation in theselected region and be detected, for example, in darkness when there isno activating radiation.

Since the object will continue to emit the desired radiation, chargingof the object and detection of the emission signature are spatially andtemporally decoupled, that is, the detection step can occur at a timeand place separate from the activation step. This allows an objecteither to be charged and removed from the site of activation or to becharged with subsequent removal of the charging source. Further,detection can occur at a distance from the object and/or the activatingsource.

For the purpose of identification or authentication, a detector thatwill detect the selected emission signature from the photoluminescentobject is used. Such detectors may or may not have capability ofamplifying the photoluminescent emissions. An example of a detectionapparatus with amplification is night vision apparatus. Night visionapparatus can detect either visible radiation if present, infraredradiation, or both visible and infrared radiation. The detectionapparatus can be designed to detect specific emission signatures. Wherenecessary, detectors can incorporate amplification capabilities. Eitherthe detector can be designed to read a specific wavelength of theemission signature or the composition can be designed to emit radiationsuitable for a specific detector. Because of the nature of the inventivemethods and compositions, detection can occur at a time and placeseparate from activation.

Under certain conditions the detection equipment may be adverselyimpacted by radiation from extraneous sources causing identification ordetection of the intended object to be difficult due to the inability ofthe detector to differentiate between emission signature and suchspurious radiation. Under these conditions, the detection equipment, forexample, night vision apparatus, may be fitted with a filter designed toeliminate the extraneous visible radiation thereby enhancingidentification or detection.

The type of image obtained from the selected emission signature can bein the form of an amorphous object or it can have informationalproperties in the form of alphabetical, numerical, or alpha-numericmarkings as well as symbols, such as geometric shapes and designations.In this manner identification or detection can be topical, either withup-to-date information, such as times and dates, as well as messages.

Identification or detection methods of the current invention areinclusive of both those methods, wherein the photoluminescent materials,applied either onto or into an object, to create photoluminescentmarkings which enable the emission signature, may be detectable by ahuman observer, and those methods wherein such emissions from suchphotoluminescent markings are stealth to enable “clandestine” or“stealth” detection. When practicing stealth identification, for thecase wherein the emission is only partially in the infrared region ofthe electromagnetic spectrum, the visible emission component is lowenough to be undetectable by a human observer. Identification ordetection of the stealth markings described above, either on, or inobjects, can only be made by using devices designed to detect theselected emission signature.

Identification or detection methods embodying clandestine detection canbe deployed for detection or identification of objects, people oranimals. Photoluminescent objects onto or into which suchphotoluminescent markings can be applied include, for example, militaryobjects to designate friend or foe, as well as trail markings. Suchmarkings are designed to be detected only by selected personnel.Examples of the use of markings for stealth detection include airplaneor helicopter landing areas, or markings that reveal the presence orabsence of friendly forces.

Identification or detection methods embodying both clandestine andnon-clandestine markings allow for identification of, for example,stationary combat apparatus, mobile combat apparatus, combat articles ofclothing, or combat gear either worn by combatants or carried bycombatants, tanks, stationary artillery, mobile artillery, personnelcarriers, helicopters, airplanes, ships, submarines, rifles, rocketlaunchers, semi-automatic weapons, automatic weapons, mines, divingequipment; diving clothing, knap-sacks, helmets, protective gear,parachutes, and water bottles.

Identification or detection methods allow for photoluminescent markingsthat additionally embody adhesive layers that can not only provideidentification or detection but also up-to-date information, such as,for example, times and dates, messages, and military unitidentification, thereby rendering renewable or updatable markings.

The current methods allow for identification or detection includingtracking of transportation vehicles, for example, buses, airplanes, taxicabs, subway vehicles, automobiles and motorcycles.

Identification or detection methods embodying either stealth or nonstealth markings can also be used for applications in sports andentertainment, for example, in hunting and fishing applications whichare designed to identify or detect other hunters or fisherman. Stealthmarkings can be particularly useful in hunting applications whereinaccidents can be avoided by using infrared emission detection apparatusfor identifying or detecting other hunters, but at the same time, sinceno visible emission is detectable, avoiding spooking the hunted animal.

Identification or detection methods embodying stealth markings may beparticularly useful for applications requiring security.

The methods of the current invention can also be used inanti-counterfeit applications applicable to a wide variety of goods orobjects. Photoluminescent objects prepared according to the methodsdescribed above can be utilized in anti-counterfeit applications, forexample, currency, anti-piracy applications, such as CDs or DVDs, luxurygoods, sorting goods etc. In many of these applications it becomesimportant that the potential counterfeiter be unaware that the objectthat is being counterfeited contains a marking that will authenticatethe object. The clandestine marking can also be coded such as a datecode or other identifying code that a counterfeited object would nothave.

The current methods allow for applying the photoluminescent materialonto carrier materials, such as films, for example, polyester,polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, rubber orpolyvinyl chloride films, or metallic plates, for example, aluminum,copper, zinc, brass, silver, gold, tin, or bronze plates. Other layerscan be added to the carrier material such as an adherent material, forexample, an adhesive with high or low peel strength or a magneticmaterial. The carrier material with the photoluminescent materialapplied thereon can either be attached permanently to an object or itcan be transferable so that identification or detection can be changed,updated or removed. Such application allows for an object to have theidentification or detection capabilities of the current inventionwithout the object itself undergoing a coating process. In thisapplication, if information becomes outdated, the carrier material withthe photoluminescent material applied thereon in the form of a removablefilm or plate can be replaced by another carrier material with thephotoluminescent material applied thereon with updated information, forexample, in safety applications or security applications.

An illustration of the inventive method wherein the photoluminescentobject can be created by a photoluminescent transferable film or plateis now described. A suitable carrier sheet, such as, for example,polyethylene terephthalate can be first coated with a release layer,such as, for example, a silicone release layer. A composition can thenbe applied that comprises one or more fluorescent materials. This layermay also serve as a protective layer. A layer of a photoluminescentcomposition comprising phosphorescent and/or fluorescent materials suchas those described above is applied, followed by a reflective layer andan adhesive layer. A coversheet which has release characteristics isthen applied. In usage the coversheet is peeled away and the adhesivelayer is applied to an object to be identified or detected. The carrierlayer with the release layer is removed and a photoluminescent object isobtained.

The current methods allow for creation of photoluminescent objectswherein at least some of the photoluminescent fluorescent materials areincorporated in a second photoluminescent layer either above or below afirst photoluminescent layer, such first photoluminescent layercomprising photoluminescent phosphorescent materials or photoluminescentphosphorescent and photoluminescent fluorescent materials with the netemission from the object being either wholly or partially in the infrared. It should be noted that such second photoluminescent layers canalso serve as a protective coating for the first photoluminescent layer.

Objects prepared by the current inventive method can have low emissionintensity by virtue of inadequate reflection of the emittedelectromagnetic radiation; either because of surface roughness orbecause of materials in the object that are absorptive of the selectedemission signature. As a result reflective layers or coatings that arereflective of the emissions from the photoluminescent compositions canbe used as primers to provide a surface from which the emissionsignature can reflect. Hence a reflective layer may be first appliedeither onto a carrier material or onto the object itself followed by oneor more photoluminescent layers.

Further, certain usages of these objects in which adverse environmentalconditions are present require protection, for example, protection fromwet conditions, resistance to mechanical abrasion, and improvedrobustness. In these applications use of a protective layer can behighly beneficial. A protective top-coat can be applied to the objectsthat have been prepared by the inventive method. Additionally theprotective top-coat can be applied to objects that have a reflectivecoating as described above. Such protective top coats may also comprisesome or all of the photoluminescent fluorescent materials.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Single Layer Embodiment

Into 54.47 g of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether was admixed 20.35 g ofNeoCryl® B-818 (an acrylic resin from DSM NeoResins®) To the admix wasadded 1.80 g of DisperBYK® 180 (from BYK-Chemie), 0.88 g of TEGO® Wet270 and 0.57 g of TEGO® Airex 900 (both from Degussa GmbH) withstirring. Then 0.10 g of rhodamine 19P, 0.10 g of dichlorofluorescein,0.10 g of Nile Blue, 0.10 g of Nile Red, 0.05 g of sulfarhodamine B,0.01 g of rhodamine 800 and 0.01 g of 3,3′-diethyloxatricarbocyanineiodide were added and mixed. until dissolved. 20.35 g of H-13, greenphosphor (from Capricorn Specialty Chemicals) was then added. 1.11 g ofBYK® 410 was then added The photoluminescent composition thus preparedwas coated onto a 3″×8″ swatch of white Mylar® film using a wire drawdown bar, and dried at 50° C. (<5% solvent) for 12 hours to a driedthickness of 10 mils. The coated Mylar® swatch was placed in a RPS 900emission spectrometer. An emission signature of 720 nm was measured. Thecoated Mylar® and an uncoated Mylar® swatch were placed 1 foot from a150 watt metal halide lamp and exposed for 15 minutes. After one hourthe swatches were removed to a light-locked room and observed using aGeneration 3 proprietary night vision monocular scope from a distance of5 feet. The coated swatch showed a bright, vivid image while theuncoated swatch was undetectable. The swatches were monitored hourlywithout further exposure to electromagnetic radiation. After 13 hoursthe coated swatch continued to persist in emitting radiation that wasdetectable by the night scope.

Example 2 Two Layer Embodiment First Layer Composition

Into 17.80 g ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, 13.35 g butyl acetate,8.90 g ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and 4.45 g ethyl alcohol wasadmixed 37.92 g of NeoCryl® B-818 (an acrylic resin from DSMNeoResins®). To the admix was added 0.28 g of Tinuvin® 405 (from CibaSpecialty Chemicals), 2.46 g of DisperBYK® 180 (from BYK-Chemie), 1.19 gof TEGO® Wet 270 and 0.78 g of TEGO® Airex 900 (both from Degussa GmbH).Then 0.06 g of rhodamine 19P, 0.03 g of Nile Blue, 0.06 g of Nile Red,0.06 g of dichlorofluorescein, 0.03 g sulfarhodamine B, 0.01 g ofrhodamine 800 and 0.01 g of 3,3′-diethyloxatricarbocyanine iodide wereadded and mixed until dissolved. 11.1 g of H-13, green phosphor (fromCapricorn Specialty Chemicals) and 1.51 g of BYK 410 (from BYK-Chemie)were then added.

Second layer composition

Into 61.99 g of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether was admixed 34.44 g ofNeoCryl® B-818 (an acrylic resin from DSM NeoResins®). To the admix wasadded 2.00 g of Tinuvin® 405 (from Ciba Specialty Chemicals), 0.34 g ofTEGO® Wet 270 and 1.03 g of TEGO® Airex 900 (both from Degussa GmbH). Tothe admix was added 0.20 g of rhodamine 110 and mixed until dissolved.

Two Layer Construction

The first layer composition was applied onto a 3″×8″ swatch of whiteMylar® film using a wire draw down bar, and dried at 50° C. (<5%solvent) for 12 hours to a dried thickness of 10 mils. The second layercomposition was then applied onto the first layer using a wire draw downbar and dried at 50° C. (<5% solvent) for 12 hours to a dried thicknessof 1 mil.

The two-layered swatch was placed in a RPS 900 emission spectrometer. Anemission signature of 730 nm was measured. The swatch was placed 1 footfrom a 150 watt metal halide lamp and exposed for 15 minutes. It wastaken to a light-locked room where there was no emission observable withthe unaided eye even after the eyes adjusted to the dark for 15 min.Using a Generation 3 proprietary night vision monocular scope from adistance of 5 feet, the swatch showed a bright, vivid image. After 13hours the swatch continued to persist in emitting radiation that wasdetectable by the night scope.

Example 3

The method described in example 1 was repeated using a polystyreneplacard in place of the Mylar® and with the alphanumeric “Danger!!!”written thereon. The placard was placed outside, affixed to a tree atapproximately noon. Under nighttime conditions the placard could not beseen. When observed through a pair of night vision, IR sensitive gogglesthe alphanumeric was prominently displayed and the alphanumeric could benoted.

1. A method of identifying or detecting an object comprising the stepsof a. applying onto or into at least a portion of the object aneffective amount of a photoluminescent composition comprising: i. One ormore photoluminescent phosphorescent materials and, ii. One or morephotoluminescent fluorescent materials; wherein the one or morephotoluminescent phosphorescent materials selectively absorbs and emitselectromagnetic energies when charged or activated by eitherelectromagnetic radiation from an excitation source incident upon thecomposition, or by the emissions of another photoluminescent material,or both, and wherein the one or more photoluminescent fluorescentmaterials selectively absorbs the emission from the one or morephotoluminescent materials and emits the electromagnetic energies togive a selected emission signature, such that some or all of theemission signature lies in the infrared portion of the electromagneticspectrum, the photoluminescent materials being selected so that theemission of one of the photoluminescent materials overlaps with theabsorbance of another of the photoluminescent materials, wherein theselected emission signature is the emission from one or more of theselected photoluminescent fluorescent materials, such emission beingessentially unabsorbed by any of the other photoluminescent materials,b. charging or activating the object, and c. detecting the emissionsignature from the charged object.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein oneor more of the photoluminescent fluorescent materials can be selected tooptimally couple the excitation source and the absorbance spectrum ofone or more of the selected photoluminescent material for charging oractivation.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein charging or activation ofthe object and detection of its emission signature are decoupledspatially and temporally.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein thephotoluminescent fluorescent materials are applied from aphotoluminescent composition comprising a liquid carrier wherein suchphotoluminescent fluorescent-materials are soluble.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the object is charged or activated with ultraviolet,near ultraviolet or visible radiation or combinations thereof andwherein the excitation source is daylight, fluorescent lamps, metalhalide lamps or other sources with sufficient electromagnetic energy toactivate the selected photoluminescent material or materials.
 6. Themethod of any of claims 1-5, wherein the selected emission signature isdetected as numeric, alphabetical, and/or alpha-numeric markings orsymbols.
 7. A method of identifying or detecting an object comprisingthe steps of a. applying onto or into at least a portion of the objectan effective amount of a photoluminescent composition comprising: i. Oneor more photoluminescent phosphorescent materials and; ii. One or morephotoluminescent fluorescent materials wherein the one or morephotoluminescent phosphorescent materials selectively absorbs and emitselectromagnetic energies when charged or activated by electromagneticradiation either from an excitation source incident upon thecomposition, or by the emissions from another photoluminescent material,or both, and wherein the one or more photoluminescent fluorescentmaterials selectively absorbs the emission from the one or morephotoluminescent materials and emits the electromagnetic energies togive a selected emission signature, such that some or all of theemission signature lies in the infrared portion of the electromagneticspectrum, the photoluminescent materials being selected so that theemission of one of the photoluminescent materials overlaps with theabsorbance of another of the photoluminescent materials, wherein theselected emission signature is the emission from one or more of theselected photoluminescent fluorescent materials, such emission beingessentially unabsorbed by any of the other photoluminescent materials,and wherein the photoluminescent phosphorescent materials comprise highafterglow persistence and intensity alkaline-earth aluminates, oralkaline-earth silicates, or combinations thereof, to result in theselected emission signature with high persistence and high intensity, b.charging or activating the object, and c. detecting the emissionsignature from the charged object.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein thephotoluminescent phosphorescent materials comprise non-radioactive GroupIIA metal oxide aluminates activated by europium and at least one otherelement of the Lanthanide series of rare earth materials, yttrium, tin,manganese, or bismuth.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein one or more ofthe photoluminescent fluorescent materials can be selected to optimallycouple the excitation source and the absorbance spectrum of the selectedphotoluminescent material for activation.
 10. The method of claim 7,wherein charging or activation of the object and detection of itsemission signature are decoupled spatially and temporally.
 11. Themethod of claim 7, wherein the photoluminescent fluorescent materialsare applied from a photoluminescent composition comprising a liquidcarrier wherein such photoluminescent fluorescent materials are soluble.12. The method of claim 7, wherein the object is charged or activatedwith ultraviolet, near ultraviolet or visible radiation or combinationsthereof and wherein the excitation source is daylight, fluorescentlamps, metal halide lamps or other sources with sufficientelectromagnetic energy to activate the selected photoluminescentmaterial or materials.
 13. The method of any one of claims 7-12, whereinthe selected emission signature is detected as numeric, alphabetical,and/or alpha-numeric markings or symbols.
 14. The method of claim 7,wherein the effective amount of photoluminescent composition furthercomprises: a. one or more liquid carriers b. one or more polymericbinders c. one or more rheology modifiers d. one or more dispersingagents wherein the photoluminescent phosphorescent materials areuniformly distributed within the composition and wherein the rheologymodifiers and dispersing agents are soluble in the liquid carrier. 15.The method of claim 14, wherein the photoluminescent phosphorescentmaterials comprise non-radioactive Group IIA metal oxide aluminatesactivated by europium and at least one other element of the Lanthanideseries of rare earth materials, yttrium, tin, manganese, or bismuth. 16.The method of claim 14, wherein the photoluminescent compositionoptionally comprises one or more absorptive colorant pigments.
 17. Themethod of any of claims 1-5, 7-12, 14-16, wherein detection oridentification of the emission signature occurs with apparatus designedto detect infrared emission signature, low level visible emissionsignature or combinations thereof.
 18. The method of any of claims 1-5,7-12, 14-16, wherein identification or detection is enabled with astealth marking.
 19. The method of any of claims 1-5, 7-12, 14-16,wherein identification or detection is for the purpose of clandestineidentification or detection.
 20. The method of any of claims 1-5, 7-12,14-16, wherein identification or detection is for the purpose ofclandestinely identifying or detecting military personnel or objects orboth.
 21. The method of any of claims 1-5, 7-12, 14-16, whereinidentification or detection is for the purpose of safety, security,authentication, or trail marking in sports, recreation, hunting,fishing, entertainment, transportation, construction, marking, consumerproducts, or warehousing.
 22. The method of any of claims 1-5, 7-12,14-16, wherein detection of the emission signature comprises use of anight vision apparatus.
 23. The method of any of claims 1-5, 7-12,14-16, wherein detection of the emission signature comprises use of anight vision apparatus and wherein the night vision apparatus furthercomprises a filter designed to eliminate visible radiation interferingwith the detection of the emission signature.
 24. The method of any ofclaims 1-5, 7-12, 14-16, wherein detection of the emission signaturecomprises use of a night vision apparatus and wherein the night visionapparatus further comprises a filter designed to cut off radiation belowthe selected emission signature.
 25. A photoluminescent object suitablefor identification or detection created by any of the methods of any ofclaims 1-5, 7-12, 14-16, wherein the photoluminescent composition isapplied either onto the object to result in a photoluminescent layer orinto the object.
 26. A photoluminescent object suitable foridentification or detection created by any of the methods of any ofclaims 1-5, 7-12, 14-16, wherein the photoluminescent composition isapplied onto the object either above or below another layer whichcomprises either one or more photoluminescent fluorescent materials, orone or more absorptive pigments, or both.
 27. A photoluminescent objectsuitable for identification or detection created by any of the methodsof any of claims 1-5, 7-12, 14-16, wherein the photoluminescentcomposition is applied to form a layer onto the object and which furthercomprises another layer of adhering material.
 28. A photoluminescentobject suitable for identification or detection created by any of themethods of any of claims 1-5, 7-12, 14-16, wherein the photoluminescentcomposition is applied onto a first reflective layer, such reflectivelayer being proximal to the object, to form a second photoluminescentlayer, and wherein a third layer is applied onto the said secondphotoluminescent layer and further wherein such third layer compriseseither one or more photoluminescent fluorescent materials, or one ormore absorptive colorant pigments, or both.
 29. A photoluminescentobject created by use of transferable photoluminescent film or platewhich object is suitable for identification or detection wherein thetransferable film or plate comprises: a. a carrier material coated witha layer of release material, b. a layer comprising either one or morephotoluminescent fluorescent materials which are soluble in a liquidcarrier, or one or more absorptive colorant pigment, or both, the layerbeing in contact with the release layer from (a), c. a layer of thephotoluminescent composition of any of claims 1-5, 7-12, 14-16, which isin contact with the layer from (b), d. a reflective layer which is incontact with layer from (c), e. an adhesive layer which is in contactwith layer from (d), and f. a cover sheet either coated with a layer ofrelease material, or which has release characteristics, the releaselayer being in contact with the adhesive layer (e).